About a year ago, I followed a link from Manolo's Shoeblog about Katie Holmes (in which he posted a picture of her staring anxiously out the window of the Odescalchi Castle and urged her, “Hurry! The guards are away!”).
It led to an Amazon.com page for the late-18th century novel “The Mysteries of Udolpho” by Ann Radcliffe. I vaguely remembered hearing about it in some course or other. It seemed interesting, so I started clicking here and there. Yes, Ann Radcliffe, legendary author, as famous and rich in her day as J.K. Rowling. Writer of the famed Gothic style of novel, a passionate, disturbing, intense form which has been called “hysterical.”
Hmm, I said to myself. I wonder how long it will take me to find out that scholars think she was gay.
Only a couple of clicks. There it was in Rictor Norton's abstract of his Radcliffe biography, *The Mistress of Udolpho*. Admitting that he is only speculating, he suggests that (a) she was a repressed lesbian and/or (b) she was sexually abused in childhood, which, he is careful to note, does not gainsay point (a).
Do literary scholars ever talk to each other? Because if they did, they might notice that not only do they think Ann Radcliffe is gay, but Jane Austen, Charlotte Bronte, Louisa May Alcott, Emily Dickinson and basically any woman who picked up a pen before 1950 and used it to write anything even slightly more character-driven than a cookbook. In each case, fevered scholars read prose such as “the most interesting female countenance she had ever seen” (Radcliffe), and decide that It Can Only Mean One Thing.
Absolutely! Because we all know how totally indifferent straight women are to each other. They never look at or admire or envy each other, or have any curiosity about or interest in each other at all. That's why there's no such thing as chick lit, soap operas, or magazines full of pictures of beautiful women wearing stylish clothes interspersed with articles about female celebrities and women's issues. Straight women hate those things.
And even if that were true, Ann Radcliffe had male readers too (which we know because at least two of them, “Byron and Shelley, plagiarized her outright”). Did it ever occur to anyone that, with her descriptions of beautiful women, she might have been aiming at them too? Not to mention the fact that this was the 19th century. How many times does Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick have to remind us that it was a homosocial age? Men sat on each other's laps, held hands, and gave each other ribbons for their hair. In that context, a woman writer's description of some lovely creature or an intense female friendship is nothing out of the ordinary.
And finally, let's key in on that word 'writer.' Can we think about what that means? It means Ann Radcliffe was alive to her surroundings, to other people, to possibilities, to whispers inside moments, to doors within doors. Anyone who can only perceive things one way, who can only see one meaning in an event, who can only feel one thing at a time or occupy one perspective at a time, is not and cannot be a writer. Writers couldn't keep it going page after page and book after book if they were not Whitmanesque schizophrenics, more actors than actors, more inhabited and multifarious than Legion. Of *course* their works seem to suggest multiple layers of reality, contradictory emotions, hidden things, blah blah. Look at Homer, who was firmly on the side of Achilles, while also being firmly on the side of Agamemnon, Hector, and Briseis too. Firmly on the side of war, yet firmly on the side of peace. With this glorious insanity he wrenched our hearts so hard that we can't get away from him after three thousand years. Were Achilles and Patroclus friends or were they lovers? Yes!!
This drive, therefore, to find the “secret” which must lie behind Ann Radcliffe's intensity is really just a form of disbelief that a girl can do art. There has to be an explanation! She couldn't have written just because she was a writer. She couldn't just have been a brilliant craftsperson who knew how to get the hook in people and keep them interested. She couldn't have been romancing us. She had to be exposing herself.
That homosexuality is the explanation of choice is really just garden variety sexism. It's a symbolic way of claiming that a man wrote her books for her. Scholarly discourse is in fact extremely sexist in that way. Femininity is stripped from female writers and characters for the slightest of sins. Emily of “Udolpho” is described as “male-willed” because she wants to figure out what's happening to her and try to escape. Apparently, heterosexual women are supposed to be so poleaxed by their penetrable condition that they can't do anything at all. Any sign of independence, gumption or reasoning is “male.” Scholars claim this formulation merely *reflects* sexism; in fact, it perpetuates it.
In the end, these scholars have no imagination whatever. They've got these intense, disturbing texts and these enclosed, concealed lives and all they can read into it is repressed homosexuality or childhood abuse? Here's my theory: The scribbling Radcliffe was, of course, a serial killer. The evidence is plain. She was strikingly friendless and isolated, just like Ed Gein and Jeffrey Dahmer. (When you've got body parts in the armoire, after all, you can't have people popping over for tea!) Consider her odd stiffness and public propriety—another hallmark! The sense of doom and repression in her texts, yet the curious attraction she evinces towards each of her characters, betrays the conflicted nature of her predation. Ecstasy cycles with guilt as she finds a new victim (symbolized in the text by each new character) and then succumbs to compulsion. Her sudden abandonment of her career means that her fame threatened to expose her activities and she had to hide.
See? I've got it all wrapped up. There are no mysteries anymore.
Isn't that what we want?